When most people think of marijuana, they picture dried flower. However, in the realm of medical cannabis, a significant number of prescriptions are issued for cannabis oil, also known as weed oil. These oils represent a more recent innovation in medical cannabis, offering highly targeted therapies and efficient dosing. But what exactly is cannabis oil? How is it made, and what conditions might it be suitable for? Read on to learn more about cannabis oil benefits and the medical uses of THC and CBD.
What Is Cannabis Oil?
Cannabis oil is a concentrated extract derived from the marijuana plant. This extract is then combined with a carrier oil, such as coconut or olive oil, to make it easier to consume. But what is CBD, and what is THC? These are the two main components of cannabis oil.
Cannabis oils are generally categorised into cannabidiol (CBD) or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) dominant varieties, although balanced oils are also available. CBD (which stands for cannabidiol - that's the CBD full form) and THC (which stands for tetrahydrocannabinol - that's what THC stands for) are two of the more than 100 cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. Cannabis oils are described by their concentration, which refers to the milligrams of CBD and/or THC per millilitre.
How Is Cannabis Oil Made?
There are several methods used to extract cannabis essence from the plant, with the most common being:
- CO2 Extraction: This method uses pressurised carbon dioxide to extract cannabis oil. The CO2 is cooled and pressurised into a liquid, which is passed through the plant material. The oil is then separated from the CO2, resulting in a highly concentrated extract.
- Ethanol Extraction: High-proof ethanol is used to dissolve cannabinoids like THC and CBD from the plant. The ethanol is then evaporated, leaving behind a concentrated extract.
- Olive Oil Extraction: This is the simplest method. The plant material is heated in olive oil to extract cannabinoids. The resulting oil is then strained to remove plant matter.
- Rosin Extraction: A newer method that uses heat and pressure to extract cannabinoids. The result is a pure, solvent-free extract.
Each method has its benefits and drawbacks. CO2 extraction is efficient and produces a pure extract but requires expensive equipment. Ethanol extraction is cost-effective but may leave trace solvents in the final product. Olive oil extraction is safe and easy but yields a less concentrated extract. Rosin extraction is solvent-free but is a more time-intensive process.
Types of Cannabis Oil
Cannabis oils are categorised based on their cannabinoid content:
- Pure CBD (>98%): This type of oil contains almost exclusively CBD, often derived from hemp.
- CBD Dominant: These oils contain mostly CBD with trace amounts of THC.
- Balanced (equal parts CBD and THC): These oils have a 1:1 ratio of CBD to THC.
- THC Dominant: These oils contain mostly THC with some CBD.
- Pure THC (>98%): This type of oil contains almost exclusively THC.
Many people wonder, "Does CBD oil have THC in it?" The answer depends on the type of oil. Full-spectrum CBD oils may contain trace amounts of THC, while CBD isolates contain no THC.
Additionally, cannabis oils can be further classified into three preparations:
- Full Spectrum: Contains all the compounds in the cannabis plant, including cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. These work together to produce the "entourage effect," enhancing therapeutic benefits.
- Broad Spectrum: Similar to full spectrum but processed to remove all THC. Ideal for those avoiding psychotropic effects.
- Isolate: Contains only one cannabinoid, typically CBD, with no other cannabis plant compounds. This is often referred to as CBD weed.
What's the Difference Between THC and CBD Oils?
When considering THC vs CBD, it's important to understand their different effects and medicinal applications:
- THC Oil: Known for its psychoactive effects, THC acts on dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitters in the brain. It may help with pain, nausea, and insomnia but can cause side effects such as dizziness, paranoia, and dry mouth. THC oil effects can include euphoria, relaxation, and increased appetite.
- CBD Oil: Non-psychotropic, CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system and is often used for anxiety, depression, and epilepsy. It generally has fewer side effects, though some people may experience nausea, fatigue, or irritability.
When comparing CBD vs THC effects, it's important to note that while THC can produce a "high," CBD does not have psychoactive effects.
Common Uses of Cannabis Oil
Pain Relief
Cannabis oil, particularly THC-dominant varieties, may help manage chronic pain conditions like arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and neuropathic pain. THC oil has also shown promise in managing cancer treatment-related pain.
Anxiety
CBD oil has been shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety disorders such as social anxiety and PTSD. When comparing CBD vs THC for anxiety, research suggests that CBD may be more effective for anxiety reduction, while THC may potentially worsen anxiety at higher doses.
Sleep
Both THC and CBD oils may improve sleep quality. THC oil has shown benefits for conditions like sleep apnoea and chronic pain, while CBD oil may help reduce insomnia symptoms.
Inflammation and Neurological Conditions
Cannabis oil may reduce inflammation, benefiting conditions like arthritis, heart disease, and inflammatory bowel disorders. Research also suggests potential neuroprotective properties, which could aid in treating epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, CBD has shown promise as an epilepsy treatment, with the FDA-approved medication Epidiolex being used for certain forms of epilepsy.
Appetite Stimulation
THC is known for its ability to increase appetite, which can be beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy or those with conditions that cause weight loss.
Legal Status of Cannabis Oil in New Zealand
The legal status of THC and CBD varies by country. In New Zealand, cannabis oil is legal for medical use, but it is tightly regulated. Patients need a doctor's prescription, and the product must meet stringent safety and quality standards. Recreational use of marijuana remains illegal.
It's worth noting that in some countries, THC is classified as a Schedule I drug, which can impact its legal status and availability.
Getting a Prescription for Cannabis Oil
To obtain cannabis oil in New Zealand, you must consult with a healthcare professional. If deemed appropriate, they will apply to the Ministry of Health for approval. Once approved, you can obtain your prescription from a licensed supplier.
Cannabis oil prescriptions are generally reserved for chronic conditions where other treatments have failed or caused intolerable side effects. Commonly treated conditions include chronic pain, anxiety, epilepsy, and nausea caused by chemotherapy.
Dosage and Side Effects
Cannabis oil dosage depends on factors like body weight, condition severity, and tolerance. It's essential to start with a low dose and gradually increase under medical supervision to minimise side effects.
Common CBD oil side effects include:
- Dry mouth
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Changes in appetite or mood
THC-dominant oils may cause additional side effects like paranoia or impaired coordination. It's also important to note that THC can be detected in drug tests, while CBD typically does not show up.
Is Cannabis Oil Right for You?
Cannabis oil offers potential therapeutic benefits for a wide range of conditions. However, it's not a first-line treatment and is only prescribed when other therapies have proven ineffective or unsuitable.
If you're interested in exploring cannabis oil as a treatment option, consult with your doctor or a dedicated cannabis clinic. They can help determine the right product, dosage, and treatment plan tailored to your needs, considering factors such as THC concentration and potential CBD benefits.
Remember, while cannabis oil can offer significant medical benefits, it's important to use it under medical supervision and in accordance with local cannabis-related laws.
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